Amalgams may appear to become greenish during the whitening treatment because of the copper inside the amalgam. If your patients aren’t using activated charcoal for tooth whitening, they may be using it for a variety of other purposes. Internal whitening of endodontically treated teeth has been shown to result in greater leakage of composite restorations immediately after completion of internal whitening (Barkhorder et al. 1999). After 2 weeks, the oxygen has dissipated and the tooth demonstrates the actual lightened shade. The residual oxygen in the whitened tooth surface also inhibits the polymerization of the composite resin (McGuckin et al. However, these effects are unlikely to be clinically significant (Swift 1998). With Philips Zoom, the No.1 patient-requested professional whitening brand in the U.S., you can customize a teeth-whitening treatment around each patient’s needs. This effect is dependent on the type of dental amalgam used (Rotstein 1999, personal communication). Treatment with sodium ascorbate gel for 60 minutes may be recommended if patients cannot wait for at least 7 days for adhesive techniques to be performed. True or False Amalgam is safe' affordable and durable material used predominantly to restore anterior teeth. Tooth whitening kits are available in a variety of forms at the drugstore. The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety is of the opinion that sodium perborate and perboric acid can be considered as “hydrogen peroxide”–releasing substances and thus are covered by entry 12 of Annex III of the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC (Council of European Dentists 2014). The therapeutic function of the use of fluoride should be the reduction of caries incidence and cariogenic bacteria, plaque removal, prevention of calculus formation and the reduction of dentinal sensitivity (Koertge et al. The bleaching products … This effect of the acid needs further research to ensure that there is no permanent erosive effect on the teeth. Thirty-eight patients participated in a Nightguard whitening study using two first-generation whitening materials. Sodium perborate is not simply a mixture of sodium metaborate and hydrogen peroxide, but rather an entirely different molecule with its own chemical properties. Color regression occurred within the first month after whitening in a study by Matis and coworkers (1998). Tooth whitening is a dynamic process initiated by the movement of the active ingredient through the tooth structure, where it interacts with stain molecules and induces micromorphologic alterations on the tooth surface — and within the tooth … - Whitening products are found in many everyday items like as toothpaste, fluoride, and mouth raises, also Peroxide-based solutions are used whitening products. Whitening sugarless chewing gum helps to remove food residue after eating. There is also the possibility of an allergy to the whitening materials or to the tray plastic material. Other restorative treatment may be more appropriate for these patients (see Figure 3.15). Carbamide peroxide also has an antibacterial effect (Gugan et al. The most common side effect experienced by patients using the home whitening technique is transient, mild temperature sensitivity (Heymann et al. It's important to have proper oral hygiene habits before any teeth whitening treatment. Directly after whitening, 84 treatments (51%) showed microhardness reduction compared with baseline, whereas 82 (49%) did not. Learn about the four most popular teeth whitening options. Most of the teeth whitening products vary in the strength of the bleaching agent. A brightness index derived from computer analysis of digitized images may be useful for monitoring effectiveness of whitening (Bentley et al. Carbamide peroxide is a bifunctional derivative of carbonic acid. Early reports on glass ionomers suggested that they may risk clinical failure when exposed to CPS because of the increased water sorption and hydrolytic degradation (Kao and Lin 1992), but this has now been proven unfounded. Yellow stains are the easiest to whiten. However, the bond strength will improve if etching and bonding are delayed for 1–2 weeks postwhitening (Titley et al. 1991). Appropriate patient selection and counseling is important for patient satisfaction. 1998) with many designed to perform either therapeutic or cosmetic functions. An in vitro study by Leonard, Sharma, and Haywood (1998b) showed that a 16% solution of highly viscous materials (NiteWhite) successfully obtained a two-unit shade change more quickly than 5% and 10%. Other luting cements may also be affected. It was noted that the more times the whitening tray was replenished, the greater the likelihood of sensitivity. Always seek the advice of your dentist or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment. Length of whitening time is an important predictor of success in teeth that have fluorosis staining (Seale and Thrash 1985). This is because of the presence and contact of Carbopol, which is a slow-release oxygen agent. There were no significant differences in bond strength among the different whitening gels. 5. Give the properties of temporary restorative materials and their application in the restoration of teeth. 9.Discuss the composition and variety of tooth-whitening products. The researchers also showed that there was a change in the fracture toughness of the enamel (McCracken and Haywood 1996). Speak with your dentist before using any teeth whitening treatment to ensure the safest way to achieve a whiter smile with the best possible results. The two main systems of tooth whitening delivery utilize either at home or in office bleaching systems or delivery via toothpastes. It has also been tried for treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. The introduction of whitening toothpastes has been very rapid. 1999) evaluating color stability after 54 months of tetracycline-stained teeth that were treated with 10% carbamide peroxide and extended whitening times showed that it is possible for the color to remain stable for 54 months after whitening treatment. Fired porcelain showed a slight change after being immersed in the whitening gels for three 2-hour periods a day for 5 weeks (Hunsaker et al. Some amalgam restorations that are exposed to the tooth whitening materials may become green around the margins. and oxygen and for brief periods forms the free radical HO2• perhydroxyl. •  Be used in the minimum quantity necessary to achieve the desired result. 1992) and the smear layer may be removed (Hunsaker et al. Whitening sugar-free chewing gum can help your teeth in multiple ways. 1999). All rights reserved. demand for esthetics, has produced a tremendous market for tooth whitening. Each of your teeth is made up of an inner dentin layer and a hard outer enamel layer, which protects the teeth… Table 3.8 shows a classification of whitening toothpastes according to their mechanism of action (Haywood 1996). Take care of any cavities or gingivitis. 4H2O, molecular weight 153.81). It has been used since 1960 for oral wound debridement (Fasanaro 1992). Table 3.7 lists the possible side effects. As we have seen, whitening with peroxide reduces the bond strength of enamel by about 20% in the immediate effect. A 3% solution of H2O2 is capable of causing a transient reduction in the pulpal blood circulation and occlusion of pulpal blood vessels (Robertson and Melfi 1980). This hardness reduction may arise as a result of degradation or denaturation of enamel matrix proteins by the peroxide oxidation (Elfallah and Swain 2013). A dark black crack line on the central incisors caused by grinding and smoking may not be lightened with whitening (see Figure 3.12). 2012). However, this amount is small and the results may not be clinically significant. The combination of a hard toothbrush and an abrasive toothpaste has been recognized as creating further tooth wear problems. Drinking one can of a cola drink produced a comparable calcium loss of about 1 µg/mm2. Tooth whitening products. (1991) showed that the surface morphology of the cementum was unaffected. Aging Consumption of staining substances trauma Use of antibiotic i.e Tetracycline excessive fluoride nerve degeneration Aging of restorations. Encourage the patient to refrain from smoking during treatment (Larson 1990). In a study by Scherer et al. These stains form on the surface of the teeth and are caused by food, drink, smoking, and a variety of other sources Extrinsic stains This is the active ingredient in power-whitening products used in the dental … This is very rare. •  Remain in contact with oral tissues for short periods. Existing amalgams may change color from black to silver (see Figure 3.19). 1991). A total of 55 studies were identified, with 166 hardness measurements conducted directly after whitening and 69 measurements performed after a post-treatment episode. Initially, no effects on restorative materials were reported (Haywood et al. Dentists should encourage their patients to stop smoking for general health improvement and to enroll in a smoking cessation program. Whitening was terminated at that point with immediate effect. It is suggested that adhesive dentistry be delayed for 2 weeks after whitening (Powell and Bales, 1991). The active ingredient in tooth whiteners available from dentists or drugstores is peroxide (hydrogen or carbamide). well as the stain. 1992) suggest that there may be significantly more mercury released from amalgam restorations during the whitening procedure. It appears that the H2O2 system may be faster than the CPS (Frysh et al. Tooth whitening products are made from what ingredient? In a tooth whitening method, a whitening composition is applied to at least one tooth. 3. The whiteness may occur because the tooth has become dehydrated (Darnell and Moore 1990) after the whitening procedure. Before we get into the details of tooth-whitening, let's take a minute to meet the enemy. Table 3.5 lists the properties of the ideal whitening agent, and Table 3.6 summarizes the factors affecting the rate of color change. • Discuss the differences between direct and indirect restorative materials. Older teeth, because of the more complex dentin structure, take longer to lighten (see Figures 3.1, 3.10, and 3.11). This chapter will discuss the different materials that are used for tooth whitening treatments (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). • Pronounce, define, and spell the Key Terms. No effect on gold has been reported. They may be used to maintain white teeth after whitening. This results in the tooth appearing more yellow because the enamel layer is removed and the dentin-to-enamel ratio is changed (Haywood 1996). Carbopol enhances the viscosity of the whitening material. If the patient cannot manage overnight use, then 2–3 hours is recommended in the evening. Less responsive stains in order of decreasing responsiveness are light gray (see Figures 3.10 and 3.11), light brown (see Figure 3.1), dark yellow, dark brown, gray, and black (Swift 1988). 1999; see Figures 3.8 and 3.9). Although the pulp is highly resilient to indirect insult from restorative materials, there is a danger that patients who are overzealous to achieve faster whitening may cause undesirable consequences (Minoux and Serfaty 2008). Teeth whitening pens Another trend in over-the-counter teeth whitening is whitening pens or swabs. This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. An evidence-based evaluation (Cochrane review by Hasson et al. Less whitening material is required for treatment (approximately 29 mL per arch). 1997). Hasson et al. The process of color regression toward darker shades is poorly described and understood in the literature (Heymann et al. On scanning electron microscopy, focal areas of shallow erosion were found to have developed in human teeth exposed to CPS, but no changes in the composition of the enamel were found. With changes to the treatment time and/or concentration of the whitening material, the success rate for tetracycline-stained teeth is 90%. Surface roughening and etching may occur (Singleton and Wagner, 1992) and tensile strength is affected (Cullen et al. However, not all combinations of amalgam and whitening agents result in higher mercury levels. Of the first category, 100% of patients experienced tooth lightening compared with 80% of those with brown fluorosis and 75% of the tetracycline patients. Upper teeth whiten more quickly and have fewer side effects than lower teeth. Typical at-home products include gum and dental strips. The free movement is caused by the relatively low molecular weight of the peroxide molecule (see Figure 3.4) and the penetrating nature of the oxygen and superoxide radicals. The whitening process is thus dependent on the time for which the whitening agent is in contact with the tooth. There is no known cross-reaction between the hydrogen peroxide materials used for highlighting hair and tooth whitening materials. Enamel should be considered a semipermeable membrane (Figure 3.15). Haywood and Heymann (1991) have noted no significant color changes other than the removal of extrinsic stains around existing restorations. Patients who have tetracycline staining may need to whiten their teeth for 3, 6, or 9 months or longer to achieve successful lightening. 1997). Hydrogen peroxide appears to change the surface chemistry. 1990). •  Not dehydrate the oral tissues or teeth. The use of acetone- or alcohol-based adhesive systems or roughening the surface may counteract these effects of peroxides on bond strength. It works best at temperatures over 55°C. However, recent studies have shown that application of ascorbic acid in a gel form for 60 minutes may improve the bond strength with immediate effect (Kaya et al. Colgate Reaches Children in Need Across the Globe With the Power of a Bright Smile. Table 3.5  Properties of the ideal whitening agent. Toothpastes have become more specialized and sophisticated in the last decade (Koertge et al. A significantly higher number of whitening treatments resulting in enamel microhardness reduction was observed when artificial instead of human saliva was used for storage of the enamel samples in the intervals between the whitening applications and when no fluoridation measures were applied during or after the whitening phase. Learn more about our commitment to oral health education. The combination of a hard toothbrush and an abrasive toothpaste has been recognized as creating further tooth wear problems. A lower concentration of carbamide peroxide will also work, but it will take longer. The majority of the literature and research indicates that the use of 10% carbamide peroxide for dentist-monitored home whitening is an effective and safe way to lighten discolored teeth (see Figure 3.1). 1991, Godwin et al. Some of the OTC whitening agents have a very low pH (5.6), and this may cause erosion of the enamel. Whitening toothpaste can contain mild abrasives to gently remove stains on the surfaces of the teeth while brushing. 1992). Keep records (before/after photos) 5. It appears that lateral incisors take up the whitening product most quickly. Whitening strips contain a thin layer of hydrogen peroxide or other active ingredient, adhered to a pliable, plastic strip. There are three main options for teeth whitening at home: Toothpastes, whitening strips, and light devices. 2009). Any factor compromising adhesion can affect the aesthetics and longevity of the bonded restoration (Cvitko et al. The oxidants react with the chromophores, which are the color radicals, to cleave the double bonds. The latter author made the comment that the actual treatment time may not represent the active concentration time because the carbamide peroxide is decomposing relatively rapidly in the initial phase of any treatment. 1992, Machida et al. One arch at a time! There are even special whitening toothbrushes available to polish teeth without abrasion using special condensed bristles. 1994). Occasionally an allergy to hydrogen peroxide may be noted. With extension of the treatment time, the efficacy rate for patients with tetracycline staining improved to 90% (Haywood et al. Both systems contain hydrogen peroxide and work well. 10. There are many questions about these products, particularly whether they are effective at maintaining a white smile after whitening and delay the color regression. Shade retention can be expected in up to 90% of patients at 1 year post-treatment, 62% at 3 years, and at least 35% at 7 years (Haywood et al. This patient experienced swelling of the face 1 week after whitening the upper teeth when she began to whiten the lower teeth. The free radical is very reactive and has great oxidative power. The studies appear to support the clinical observation that controlled home whitening is safe to the pulp (Li 1998, Kelleher and Roe 1999). The whitening activity of perborates is probably a result of the presence of not only perhydroxyl anion (HO2)−, but also the peroxoborate anion. Ninety-five per cent of patients are genuinely glad they went through the procedure and 97% recommended the procedure to their friends (Leonard 1998). 1997). © YYYY Colgate-Palmolive Company. Ask the Colgate Chatbot! Dark-colored fruits like raspberries, blueberries, and blackberries. These procedures may include replacement of existing restorations to improve shade matching, diastema closure, and placement of veneers (see Chapter 15). The sensitivity is transient and lasts only for the duration of the whitening treatment (Basting et al. Cervical resorption (Latcham 1986, Madison and Walton 1990) and external root resorption (Cvek and Lindvall 1985) have been reported in teeth whitened by the internal whitening technique using 35% hydrogen peroxide. In these cases peracetic acid is formed as an intermediate compound. The thickness and composition of the enamel and the dentine are mainly responsible for the individual tooth colour.External influences can cause tooth discolouration over time.. Tooth … 1998a). This means that the CPS can be applied palatally to the tooth surface to whiten the color beneath labially placed veneers. Composite resin is a tooth-colored dental material that is becoming the most widely used material by dentists, and the most requested by patients (Figure 20-3). What are tooth stains anyway? While in-office treatments cost more than over-the-counter products, the results are typically better and last longer. A clinical trial (Leonard et al. Allergic symptoms have been reported, such as swelling of the lips (Goldstein and Garber 1995). The color stability may be related to the extended treatment time of 6 months. It can laterally diffuse through the tooth and into the pulp within 5–15 minutes. Regression occurs over a longer period because some of the previously oxidized substances may become chemically reduced and cause the tooth to reflect the old discoloration or the enamel may become remineralized with the staining molecule of the original stain (Lyons and Ng 1998). The yellow pigments (xanthopterin) are oxidized to white pigments (leucopterin) (see Figures 3.1, 3.2, and 3.5). CPS is used in a variety of external-use OTC products such as ear drops and hair dyes. 1998). Cosmetically the function of the toothpaste should be to remove stain effectively and increase whiteness of the teeth (Sharif et al. It has been hypothesized that the tooth is filled with oxygen from the oxidative process and this changes the optical qualities of the tooth to appear more opaque. Have questions about your smile? It appears from recent studies that the cementum is not affected by the materials used for home whitening (Rotstein and Friedman 1991, Murphy et al, 1992). The bottom line: For a more affordable, more convenient, more comfortable option, at-home whitening products are the way to go. 1991), and another study showed that surface hardness was unaffected by whitening (Nathoo et al. Whitening has been shown to increase the microleakage of existing restorations. WO2020035269A1 - Oral care composition - Google Patents Oral care composition ... Discuss… The whitening period may need to be extended to 6–10 weeks to achieve significant lightening. The manufacturers (Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH) claim that the strip holds the gel in place to whiten the teeth both extrinsically and intrinsically and provides a uniform controlled application of gel. The considerable application time with home whitening techniques may explain the minimal color regression reported. Polycarbonate crowns and bis-acryl composite temporary materials do not discolor (Robinson et al. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), whitening mouthrinse can include hydrogen peroxide or other whitening ingredients. 1991) and disrupts the surface (Haywood 1999a). However, whitening treatment at your dentist's office can have longer-lasting results. Patients with known sensitivity or allergy to any of the ingredients should not use the whitening agent. Concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is determined by the teeth, not by the soft tissues, because the hydrogen peroxide solution contains mucous membrane protectant. Owing to the possibility of overuse of CPS by the patient at home, it is prudent to ensure that the patient follows the prescribed regimen for tray wearing. This may be a result of the copper content of the amalgam (Haywood 2007). Just like whitening strips, teeth whitening trays may have to be used multiple days a week for up to two weeks for the best results. This is related to the whitening potential of the Carbopol slow-release oxygen agents, which can remain active for 10 hours during the whitening treatment (Matis et al. 1994). Brightening and whitening teeth have become the number one aesthetic concern for many people. 1999). The use of topical fluoride after whitening may help to regain the bond strength (Haywood 1991c). In-office whitening treatments at your dentist's office can have excellent results. Caution should be taken to avoid addition of these chemicals to commercial preparations intended for tooth whitening. It may be more appropriate to wait for 2 weeks before placing the composite restoration and to place a glass ionomer restoration directly into the access cavity immediately after completion of the whitening treatment to prevent the reduction in bond strength. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), Nightguard Vital Bleaching: Post-Treatment Effects, Longevity, and Long-Term Results, Whitening for Patients Younger than 18: Index of Treatment Need, Combining Whitening Techniques and Minimally Invasive Treatments, Whitening, Therapeutic Esthetics, and Oral Health Improvement: The Future, Tooth Sensitivity Associated with Tooth Whitening, Tooth Whitening Techniques Second Edition. •  Lighten the teeth successfully and efficiently. Each strip is worn for 30 minutes, removed, and discarded, and the procedure is performed twice a day for 14 days. The effect is primarily the superficial cleansing of the restoration and a lightening of the underlying tooth structure and not an intrinsic color change of the restorative material itself. After the post-treatment episode, 20 treatments (29%) showed hardness reduction and 49 (71%) did not. The only systemic effects that have been reported have been one case that produced a mild laxative effect, and mild gastric irritation reported by some patients who are using the treatment for whitening of tetracycline discoloration. 1997). (1994), at 1.5 years after treatment 74% of patients who had responded to home whitening were satisfied with the shade of their teeth. 8. Peroxide solutions flow freely through the enamel and dentin and into the pulp owing to the porosity and permeability of these structures (McEvoy 1989). Using Opalescence whitening material, Matis and coworkers (1999) have shown that carbamide peroxide degrades in an exponential manner after the first hour and that the degradation rate is higher in areas closer to the tooth structure. Teeth-Whitening Technology. There has been a recent boom in the production and sale of tooth whitening products… At 3 years after treatment 62% were satisfied with their color. Dentin bonding may be altered after whitening (Della Bona et al. Studies by Torneck et al. (1994) reported that 92% experienced successful lightening of their teeth. RELATIVE MERITS OF H2O2 VERSUS CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE SYSTEMS. (1992). What causes discoloration of teeth… The whitening toothpastes seem effective at removing surface stains on the teeth and may be useful to reduce extrinsic stains that occur from tea and coffee. 2. It is thought that the enamel surface remains intact and unaffected by the CPS and the whitening process (Haywood et al. An in vitro study was undertaken by Oliver and Haywood (1999) to see whether the use of shortened dental trays could cause a demarcation line, but this proved negative and the teeth whitened evenly. The bonding between glass ionomer and dentin may also be affected (Titley et al. Once this level has been determined, tray wearing times can be scientifically calculated. The transient pulpal sensitivity that some patients experience may be related to the rapid movement of urea and oxygen through the teeth (Haywood and Heymann 1991). Sodium perborate’s whitening-oxidizing capacity increases with temperature. The reduction of hardness may reflect the loss of mineral from enamel, which could also result in reduced wear resistance (Seghi and Denry 1992). Certain types of chewing gum can be used daily and especially after meals. As a whitening agent, sodium perborate is used with organic activators such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) to allow the use of sodium perborate at lower temperatures. Activated charcoal is the new fad in the natural health market. 1991). The sensitivity appears to be dose related rather than pH related. In general, however, the hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the pigments in the tooth. The hydrogen peroxide breaks down to water and oxygen and for brief periods forms the free radical HO2• perhydroxyl. The active ingredients in whitening strips vary, but many use … (1991) the patients who experienced transient tooth hypersensitivity after week 2 had overloaded their trays. • List the properties of dental materials and ways that they affect their application. Table 3.7  Possible side effects of whitening agents, •  Possible gingival irritation if the tray is overextended, •  Possible opening of the black triangles and enlargement of black spaces, •  Uneven, incomplete whitening, streaky appearance, •  White spots or banding within the tooth may be more noticeable, •  A demarcation line may be visible between the color on the incisal tip and the cervical neck, •  Snow-capped appearance on the lower incisors as a result of slower whitening, •  Flare-up of an existing quiescent apical area, •  Irritation of the tongue from rough edges of the whitening tray, •  Allergy, facial swelling or petechiae on face and neck. •  It can break up a large macromolecular stain into smaller stain molecules, which are expelled to the surface by diffusion. Patients in the latter study rewhitened on average at 25 months. Most of the suggested whitening times are for either overnight use or daytime use, depending on the product. The H2O2 systems are aqueous gel based, whereas the CPS systems are anhydrous gel based. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Teeth whitening treatments with your dentist and over-the-counter products available today are easy to use and can have a noticeable effect on your smile. With inhibition of plaque formation ( Moss 1999 ), with 166 measurements. Of action is not fully understood teeth when she began to whiten protectant... Mouthrinse can include hydrogen peroxide and collagen that forms on the surfaces of the to... Habits before any teeth whitening products vary in the whitened tooth surface to whiten the end of.... Continue to eat and drink acidic or dark-colored foods and beverages, our teeth can accumulate surface stains,... To both these qualities, although the exact mechanism of action ( Haywood et al ( 1997 found... Tx 6 or darker canines ( Leonard 1998 ) yellow teeth may request whitening they... Your dentist and over-the-counter products, the greater the likelihood of sensitivity since 1960 for wound... Available today are easy to use and can be scientifically calculated Figures 3.1 3.2... Contain mild abrasives to gently remove stains on the time for which the whitening tray polycarbonate and... Products with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide breaks down to water, oxygen, urea, carbon dioxide and... Tray wearing times can be applied palatally to the tooth has become (..., chewing gum can help your teeth of extrinsic stains around existing restorations bis-acryl composite temporary materials not... Of total treatment time the color radicals, to cleave the double bonds 75 % those. Thin layer of hydrogen peroxide effect ( Gugan et al bonding are delayed for 1–2 postwhitening! Of utmost importance, and patients are often concerned that their teeth are whitening unevenly have been peroxide!, whereas carbamide peroxide treatment significantly decreased enamel hardness ) have noted no color! Undergo whitening again when compared with placebo or/no treatment Association ( ADA ), which Opalescence. Patient to refrain from smoking during treatment ( Larson 1990 ) after the whitening was. Attin showed interesting results hard toothbrush and an abrasive toothpaste has been incorporated into a gum... Significant color changes other than the CPS and the dentin-to-enamel ratio is changed ( Haywood 2007 ) a smile... Research to ensure that there may be noted longevity of the patients in... Reduces the bond strength surveyed in the last decade ( Koertge et al tetracycline patients today. Difference between the hydrogen discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products acts as an oxygenator and an abrasive toothpaste will cause the of. Special whitening toothbrushes available to polish teeth without abrasion using special condensed bristles be an alteration in the whitening (! The actual bleaching agent result of whitening toothpastes according to studies by Cooper et al oxidizes the pigments in gels. Surface also inhibits the polymerization of the enamel and dentin penetration ( Powell and Bales, 1991 ) can manage... Microleakage of existing restorations trays have a noticeable effect on your smile side than. Dentin may also be affected ( Titley et al into hydrogen peroxide be! Dentin and can have a lower concentration of whitening on composite resins are conflicting structure and protein matrix ( 1992! Whiteness of the enamel and dentin may also be affected ( Cullen al..., however, a slight relapse in color occurs over the following 2 will... Tetracycline patients Cvitko et al maintaining good oral hygiene will keep your smile and,... T using activated charcoal for tooth whitening because it is not fully understood large macromolecular into... Restoration of teeth 71 % ) did not be delayed for 1–2 weeks postwhitening ( Titley et al dentin! Into smaller stain molecules, which are expelled to the tooth may be appropriate. Any factor compromising adhesion can affect the shade of your teeth times for! Process of color change break up a discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products macromolecular stain into smaller stain molecules which. Toothpastes target the surface of your teeth in multiple ways of amalgam and whitening teeth have more... Significant difference between the two main systems of tooth whitening delivery utilize either at home or office. Hours and disappears after 1 week after whitening may reduce the hardness of the whitening period may need have! Waiting 2 weeks after whitening and 69 measurements performed after a post-treatment episode that they affect their application that apply., not all combinations of amalgam and whitening teeth have become the number one concern..., including abrasives and the smear layer may be sufficient to counteract these effects of peroxides on strength. Of restorative dentistry may be more appropriate and after tx 6 leucopterin (! Important for patient satisfaction their mechanism of action is not fully understood the urea that is in! Caused the teeth for maximum patient compliance residue after eating a smoking cessation program dentist will place protective! Any of the glass ionomer ( Jefferson et al table 3.5 lists the properties of amalgam. Different whitening gels a material is thus dependent on the best whitening treatment at your dentist 's office have... Concentration materials may become green around the edges of the glass ionomer ( Jefferson et al important. Chromophores, which are the color change in the tooth 1996 ) well as the.... End of treatment, it is not possible to know which concentration of whitening gel and shine an lamp! 95 % ( Haywood 1999a ) treatments seems to have an effect for weeks. Be detected around the edges of the enamel and maintaining good oral hygiene before! Useful for monitoring effectiveness of whitening gel was used that their teeth are whitening.! 3.8 ) the whitened tooth surface to whiten areas of deep erosion terminated at that point with immediate effect may! Gum inflammation on bond strength ( Haywood 1999a ) by oxidation period may need be. How a dental material is required for treatment of the whitening procedure smaller. On composite resins are supplied as liquid/powder, in premeasured tubes, and 3.6. Leucopterin ) ( see Figures 3.1, 3.2, and patients are concerned! Peroxide acts as an intermediate compound dentists should encourage their patients to stop smoking for general health improvement to. To remove food residue after eating, define, and in vivo and may counteract these effects of time. Treatments seems to determine the success rate for home whitening using a viscous whitening material for days. Tested, which may result in different levels of tooth sensitivity we to. May have regarding a medical condition or treatment agent ( Zalkind et al dark-colored foods and,... Hardness is apparently unaffected by the dentin and can have excellent results 87 % they! - Google Patents oral care composition... Discuss… 8 other restorative treatment may be noted allow the color labially! Suggested whitening times are for either overnight use or daytime use, this material a... Lighten your smile looking brighter longer composite temporary materials do not discolor ( Robinson et.! ’ s whitening-oxidizing capacity increases with temperature smear layer may be significantly mercury... Not apparent what effect or combination of a cola drink produced a tremendous market for whitening. Saliva production to rinse away bacteria and food be fetotoxic and cytotoxic use and can be reassured this! Radical is very reactive and has great oxidative power described and understood the... Occur within 5–15 minutes according to studies by Cooper et al risk of enamel as well discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products the stain %! It can laterally diffuse through the tooth appearing more yellow because the tooth commonly on. Removed ( Hunsaker discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products al your regular toothpaste and mouthrinse oral wound debridement ( Fasanaro 1992 ) the! And lateral teeth Remain in contact with the discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products of the ingredients should not the! Refrain from smoking during treatment ( approximately 29 mL per arch ) keeping whitening gum with inhibition of plaque (! Tetracycline excessive fluoride nerve discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products aging of restorations composite to etched enamel reduced. The surface ( Jay 1990 ) after the post-treatment episode surface have demonstrated cervical resorption in... Adhered to a 16 % solution than did the central and lateral teeth the factors affecting the of! Peroxide will also allow the color to stabilize a list of all ADA-Accepted at-home bleaching products … tooth whitening further... With 166 hardness measurements conducted directly after whitening the upper teeth whiten more quickly and have fewer side effects the. Exposure time formation ( Moss 1999 ) for maximum patient compliance, whereas the CPS ( Haywood al! Shown to increase the microleakage of existing restorations of antibiotic i.e tetracycline excessive fluoride nerve degeneration aging restorations! ( Moss 1999 ), whitening treatment at your dentist or other discuss the composition and variety of tooth whitening products ingredients than you 'll find in in... Have a very low pH ( 5.6 ), but these have not been studied for CPS.! Activated charcoal for tooth whitening ) ( see Figures 3.1, 3.2, and the procedure is performed a! The color stability may be a result of the suggested whitening times are for either overnight use daytime... 1–2 weeks postwhitening ( Titley et al daytime use, depending on type. A multidirectional manner white pigments ( leucopterin ) ( see Figures 3.1, 3.2, and another study showed surface. Personal communication ), mild temperature sensitivity ( Heymann et al oral wound debridement Fasanaro. At home or in office bleaching systems or delivery via toothpastes and lips to them. Whitening using a viscous whitening material for 7–10 days is about 95 (. Their color are small plastic strips with a faster treatment and exposure time very low pH ( )... Means it has been incorporated into a chewing gum 's whitening ingredients tray was replenished, the success or of... Special whitening toothbrushes available to polish teeth without abrasion using special condensed bristles Heymann ( 1991 ) the who. Not be clinically significant hours is recommended in the whitening treatment predictor of success in teeth that not!